The diagnosis of HE makes it difficult for many to get proper treatment and insurance coverage.
There are so many unanswered questions:
What causes HE?
What is Sero Negative AE?
Why do many of us have so many other medical and autoimmune conditions?
Why the high thyroid antibodies?
Why do some of us respond to certain immunesuppresives and not others?
Why do some have relapse remitting and some full onset HE?
Why don't we have a detectable antibody?
Hopefully we will soon have the answers to these questions
with more research.
2022
The Detection of Up‑Regulated Anti‑thyroid Antibodies and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases In Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Retrospective Study of 221 Patients, J. Lin, et. al., 2022
Autoimmune Encephalopathy Associated With Anti-thyroid Antibodies: A Case Report, V. Falb, et.al., 2022
Recognizing New-Onset Sleep Disorders in Autoimmune Encephalitis Often Prompt Earlier Diagnosis, M. Grigg-Dambergern, et. al., 2022
Characterization of Neurological Morbidity Associated with Anti-Thyroid Antibodies: Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy and Beyond (P18-1.004), H. Abboud, et. al., 2022
Differentiating autoimmune encephalitis from schizophrenia spectrum disorders among patients with first-episode psychosis, H. Mukai, et. al., 2022
Searching for autoimmune encephalitis: Beware of normal CSF, D. Tang-Wai, et. al., 2022
New Model of Alzheimer’s as an Autoimmune Disease, Article in Neuroscience News, 2022
Autoimmune Encephalitis, S. Gole, et. al., 2022
Clinical Diagnosis of an Autoimmune Encephalitis Presented as a Manic Episode with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report, M. Soto Ontoso, et. al., 2022
Immunopsychiatry: an update on autoimmune encephalitis for neuropsychiatrists, Frederico Moraes Cardoso Marques, et. al., 2022
Evidence of autoimmunity’s origins uncovered via new approach, Article, Tamara Bhandari2022
Sleep disorders and polysomnography findings in patients with autoimmune encephalitis | SpringerLink, Erkent, I., et. al., 2022
2021
Autoimmune Encephalitis: Proposed Best Practice Recommendations for Diagnosis and Acute Management, H. Abboud, AE Alliance Clinicians Network 2021
CaVα2δ Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Novel Antibody and its Characteristics, Soon‐Tae Lee MD, PhD, et al. 2021
Neuronal Surface Antibody-Medicated Autoimmune Encephalitis (Limbic Encephalitis) in China: A Multiple-Center, Retrospective Study, Wei Shan, et al. 2021
An Australian State-Based Cohort Study of Autoimmune Encephalitis Cases Detailing Clinical Presentation, Investigation Results, and Response to Therapy, Andrew Swayne, et al. 2021
Case Report: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis With Anti-MOG CNS Demyelination After Recurrent CNS Demyelination, Bing-Yan Ren, et al. 2021
Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management, S. Irani, et al 2021
The interference of laboratory tests by immunoglobulin infusion: Problems and solutions, R. Chen, et al 2021
An observational study on the association of anti-thyroid autoantibodies with clinical, EEG, MRI, FDG-PET, cerebrospinal fluid and anti-neuronal antibody findings in 530 patients with schizophreniform and affective disorders, D. Endres, et al 2021
Seronegative limbic encephalitis manifesting as subacute amnestic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature, I. Ibrahim Ismail, et al 2021
A Case of Severe Seronegative Autoimmune Rhombencephalitis Successfully Treated with Rituximab, J. Makhzoum, et al 2021
2020
Sleep Disorders In Autoimmune Encephalitis, J. Dalmau, et al. 2020
Hashimoto's Encephalopathy in The 21st Century, F. Graus, J. Dalmau, et al. 2020
Autoimmune encephalitis management: MS centers and beyond, Andrew McKeon, Anastasia Zekeridou
Immunotherapy in Probable Autoimmune Encephalitis Without Detected Autoantibody, Woo-Jin Lee, let al. 2020
Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin., T.A. Pollack, et al., 2020
Novel Surrogate Markers of CNS Inflammation in CSF in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis, D. Brown, et al. 2020
SOP: antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis, H. Prüss, et al. 2020
Cognitive impact of neuronal antibodies: encephalitis and beyond, T. A. Pollak, et al. 2020
Rituximab for Autoimmune Encephalitis with Epilepsy, Mohankumar Kurukumbi, et al. 2020
Update on the diagnosis and management of autoimmune encephalitis, Mark A Ellul, et al. 2020
The Diagnostic Challenge of Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis With Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus, V. Jahagirdar, et al. 2020
Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis, A. Memon, et al. 2020
2019
Hashimoto's Encephalopathy, S. Chew, N. Nagagopal, 2019
An autoimmune cause of confusion in a patient with a background of hypothyroidism, L. Sardar, et al, 2019
Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis – A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma, M. Netravathi 2019
Differences and diversity of autoimmune encephalitis in 77 cases from a single tertiary care center , A. Saraya, et al. 2019
Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Follow‐up data from neuropsychology, lumbar puncture, and FDG‐PET, Ronja Maria Birgitta Lagström, et al. 2019
Successful Intrathecal Rituximab Administration in Refractory Nonteratoma Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Case Report. Casares M, et al. 2019
Editorial: Emerging Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis, M. Blaabjerg, et al., 2019
The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data, A. Al-Diwani et al., 2019
Atypical Autoimmune Encephalitis With Neuropil Antibodies Against a Yet Unknown Epitope, S.E. Thanarajah, et al., 2019
Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment (article), L. Thomas, 2019
Drugs that quell brain inflammation reverse dementia., article Berkley News, 2019
Sleep disturbances are common in patients with autoimmune encephalitis, M. Blattner, et al. 2019
Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis—A Systematic Analysis, Tetyana Blinder and Jan Lewerenz, 2019
2018
Current Knowledge On Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: A Literature Review, I. Pinedo-Torres, J. Luis Paz-Ibarra 2018
Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis, K. Chu, et al., 2018
Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis, E. Flanagan, et al., 2018
Autoimmune Encephalitis Secondary to Neuronal Ganglionic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies (P4.188) A. Parker, et al., 2018
Autoimmune Encephalitis: Not Rare and Increasing, S. Pahlajani, 2018
The prevalence and treatment outcomes of antineuronal antibody-positive patients admitted with first episode of psychosis, J. G. Scott, et al., 2018
When the body attacks the brain: Immune system often to blame for encephalitis, study finds, Mayo Clinic featuring E. Flanagan, 2018
In the Clinic-Autoimmune Encephalitis Persistent Cognitive, Neuropsychological Deficits After Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis Require Therapy, Study Suggests (article), G. Shaw, 2018
Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis, D. Dubey, 2018
Depressive Syndromes in Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System: Prevalence, Etiology, and Influence, X. Tang, et al, 2018
2017
Hashimoto's encephalitis associated with AMPAR2 antibodies: A case report, Y. Zhang et al, 2017
Early Immunotherapy Prevents Disability With Limbic Encephalitis, N.A. Melville, 2017
Plasmapheresis Responsive Rapid Onset Dementia with Predominantly Frontal Dysfunction in the Context of Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy, L.T. van Elst, et al., 2017
Hot topics of autoimmune encephalitis, J.W. Wang, et al., 2017
The Clinical Challenge of Autoimmune Psychosis: Learning from Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoantibodies, M. Leboyer, et al., 2017
Autoimmune encephalitis masquerading as psychosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, H. Pruess, et al., 2017
Treatable Immune System Disorder Could Be Mistaken For Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder (article), Houston Methodist featuring J. Masdeau, 2017
Autoimmune encephalitis in children: clinical phenomenology, therapeutics, and emerging challenges, RC Dale, 2017
Ethical Implications of the Mild Encephalitis Hypothesis of Schizophrenia, S. Muller, 2017
Autoimmune Encephalitis and Psychiatric Practice, K. Mansour, 2017
Autoimmune Encephalitis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Review of an Overlooked Diagnosis, B.P. Kelley et al., 2017
Neurobehavioral outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis, A. Yeshokumar, 2017
Evaluation and Management of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Clinical Overview for the Practicing Child Psychiatrist, G. Mooneyham, et al., 2017
What is encephalitis? C. Nordqvist, 2017
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: Diagnostic Issues for Psychiatrists, (article) J. Brown, 2017
Abnormal brain metabolism on FDG-PET/CT is a common early finding in autoimmune encephalitis,
J.C. Probasco, et al., 2017
New treatment for a rare form of encephalitis: Researchers report success in treating anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, F. Sheibe,2017
2016
Thyroid Autoantibody Positive Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis, E. Kim, 2016
Utility of Neurodiagnostic Studies in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children, B. Morgan Followell, 2016
A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis, J. Dalmau, et al. 2016
Could Your Loved One Have Autoimmune Encephalitis? (article) E. Lancaster, 2016
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders, E.P. Flanagan, et al., 2016
Intravenous immunoglobulin for autoimmune encephalitis, Turnkey Clinical Evidence Review Team on behalf of NHS England Specialised Commissioning, 2016
Autoimmune dementia and encephalopathy, B.F. Boeve, et al., 2016
Autoimmune encephalitis: A more treatable tragedy if diagnosed early, T.L. Volmer et al., 2016
When The Body Attacks the Mind (article), M. Valesquez-Manoff, 2016
Autoimmune Schizophrenia? Psychiatric Manifestations of Hashimoto's Encephalitis, A.S. Haider, et al., 2016
Risks and Benefits of Rituximab in the Treatment of Hashimoto Encephalopathy in Children: Two Case Reports and a Mini Review, A. van Royen-Kerkhof, et al., 2016
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis, E. Lancaster, 2016
Recognizing anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis psychosis on the psych ward (article), B. Jancin, 2016
Autoimmune encephalopathies in children: diagnostic clues and therapeutic challenges, G. Olivieri et al., 2016
Autoimmune Encephalitis in Postpartum Psychosis, V. Bergink, et al., 2016
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A New Challenging Entity for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist, G.E. Maccaferri, et al., 2016
New-Onset Headache in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis Is Associated With anti-NMDA-Receptor Antibodies, C.J. Shankin 2016
Rituximab treatment for autoimmune limbic encephalitis in an institutional cohort, W.J. Lee, et al., 2016
When The Immune System Attacks the Brain – Case Files of a Young Female with Mania, S. Rege, 2016
The Clinical Approach to Encephalitis, T. Cho, et al., 2016
Brain Under Attack (article), C. Harbers 2016
From VGKC to LGI1 and Caspr2 encephalitis: The evolution of a disease entity over time, M.J. Titulaer, et al., 2016
Autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric institutions: current perspectives, J. Honnorat, et al., 2016
2015
A Neuropsychiatric Presentation of Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report, M. Fahmi Ismail, et al., 2015
Psychotic and nonpsychotic mood disorders in autoimmune encephalitis: diagnostic issues and research implications, G. Perugi, et al., 2015
OTHER:
Global Genes to Connect Rare Disease Patients and Families With Medical Students to Build a Stronger, More Compassionate, Equitable, Inclusive and Informed Healthcare System: Businesswire, 2021
Scientists Find a Natural Protein That Stops Allergies And Autoimmune Conditions: Tessa Koumoundouros, 2021
COVID-19 and the Brain: Acute Encephalitis as a Clinical Manifestation, Asim Haider, et al. 2020
How coronavirus affects the brain, AE Alliance, 2020
NORD (National Organization for Rare Disease) on Hashimoto's Encephalopathy
Blood Brain Barrier Article:
Immune cells cross blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis (article), C. Paddock, 2017
Secretly Recording a Doctor's Visit:
Dr. Joseph Sirven: Is Secretly Recording Your Doctor’s Visit OK? J. Sirven 2017