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Diagnosis of Exclusion

DIAGNOSIS

HE is a diagnosis of "exclusion."

Alternative diagnosis

must be ruled out (examples):

  • Toxic, infectious or metabolic causes.

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  • Nutrient deficiencies (especially B vitamins- potentially masked by MTHFR gene variants)

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  • Other autoimmune encephalitis with known antibodies (see here)

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  • Traditional (non-autoimmune) epilepsy

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  • Complications of thyroid disease

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  • Migraine variants

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  • Parathyroid tumors

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  • Adrenal insufficiency

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Diagnosing

Diagnosing

Testing blood and spinal fluid for:

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  • Antithyroid autoantibodies including Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO) or Thyroglobulin Antibody (TgAb)

 

  • Thyroid and Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibody (TRAb)

 

  • Check for the presence of other antibodies associated with cognitive or psychiatric symptoms such as Anti-NMDA Receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis or other AE's. (See here)

 

  • Vital lab tests to rule out life-threatening or debilitating conditions such as viral or bacterial encephalitis, meningitis or Creutzfedt-Jakov disease. 

 

  • Check for presence of inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

 

  • Protein levels

 

  • Glucose levels

 

  • Oligoclonal bands

 

  • Opening pressure in the CSF

 

  • Checked for significant vitamin deficiency

 

  • Presence of heavy metals

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PET or SPECT scans to look for hypoperfusion or hypometabolism

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MRI to check for evidence of physical damage to brain

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EEG to look for evidence of seizure-activity or of noticeable slight slowing

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Neuropsychological testing to objectively identify specific areas and degrees of impairment.

MAYO Clinic Lab Panel: Spinal Fluid

Encephalopathy, Autoimmune/Paraneoplastic Evaluation, Spinal Fluid

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MAYO Clinic Lab Panel: Serum

Encephalopathy, Autoimmune/Paraneoplastic Evaluation, Serum

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